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Your boss has asked you to go through the current stock of motherboards at work to nd out which ones should be kept and which ones should be replaced You rst decide to check the BIOS types and versions on all the machines in your of ce, and then visit each BIOS maker s Web site to determine whether more recent versions are available The system BIOS is stored on nonvolatile memory called BIOS ROM BIOS makers often (but not always) label their BIOS ROM chips prominently on the motherboard In this exercise, you ll look at two different ways to identify your BIOS ROM chip

void PrintDVD( struct DVDInfo *myDVDPtr ) { printf( "rating: %d\n", (*myDVDPtr).rating ); printf( "title: %s\n", myDVDPtr->title ); printf( "comment: %s\n", myDVDPtr->comment );

Notice that PrintDVD() receives its parameter as a pointer to (i.e., the address of ) a DVDInfo struct. The first printf() uses the * operator to turn the struct pointer back to the struct it points to and then uses the . operator to access the rating field:

For details on the three big companies that manufacture BIOS on modern systems, refer to the Updating CMOS: The Setup Program section in 7 of Mike Meyers CompTIA A+ Guide: Essentials

C features a special operator, ->, that lets you accomplish the exact same thing. The -> operator is binary. That is, it requires both a left and right operand. The left operand is a pointer to a struct, and the right operand is the struct field. The following notation

Use whichever form you prefer. In general, most C programmers use the -> operator to get from a struct s pointer to one of the struct s fields.

Read-after-write (RAW)

Here s a version of main() that passes the struct itself, instead of its address:

In this lab, you ll learn two ways to identify your BIOS At the end of this lab, you ll be able to Locate the BIOS ROM chip on the motherboard Identify the BIOS manufacturer Determine the BIOS creation date and version

int main (int argc, const char * argv[]) { struct DVDInfo myInfo; PrintDVD( myInfo ); }

As always, when the compiler encounters a function parameter, it passes a copy of the parameter to the receiving routine. The previous version of PrintDVD() received a copy of the address of a DVDInfo struct. In this new version of PrintDVD(), the compiler passes a copy of the entire DVDInfo struct, not just a copy of its address. This copy of the DVDInfo struct includes copies of the rating field, and the title and comment arrays.

The rst thing you ll do is remove your PC case cover and locate the BIOS ROM chip Next, you ll make note of the BIOS information displayed during system startup

void PrintDVD( struct DVDInfo myDVD ) { printf( "rating: %d\n", myDVD.rating ); printf( "title: %s\n", myDVD.title ); printf( "comment: %s\n", myDVD.comment );

Write-after-read (WAR)

When a function exits, all of its local variables (except for static variables, which we ll cover in 11) are no longer available. This means that any changes you make to a local parameter are lost when the function returns. If this version of PrintDVD() made changes to its local copy of the DVDInfo struct, those changes would be lost when PrintDVD() returned.

Any time you take the cover off your PC, remember to follow all proper safety and electrostatic discharge (ESD) avoidance precautions

Sometimes, you ll want to pass a copy of a struct. One advantage this technique offers is that there s no way that the receiving function can modify the original struct. Another advantage is that it offers a simple mechanism for making a copy of a struct. A disadvantage of this technique is that copying a struct takes time and uses memory. Though time won t usually be a problem, memory usage might be, especially if your struct gets pretty large. Just be aware that whatever you pass as a parameter is going to get copied by the compiler. Pass a struct as a parameter, and the compiler will copy the struct. Pass a pointer to a struct, and the compiler will copy the pointer.

Assuming we picked up the int, we ll use the assignment operator to convert the int to a char and add the now-complete struct to the list by passing it to AddToList():